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In order to keep a finger on the pulse of school privatization in Michigan, Mackinac Center staff follows regular news coverage of school support service outsourcing. This year’s news reports suggest more moderate privatization activity than last year. What has clearly increased, however, is the number of research papers published that attempt to cast privatization — and even Mackinac Center research — in a questionable light.
In each of the last four privatization surveys conducted by the Mackinac Center, the rate at which Michigan’s school districts outsourced at least one of the big three noninstructional services (food, janitorial or busing) had increased over the previous year. In 2001, 31 percent of conventional public school districts were contracting out; today it is 40 percent. According to the federal government’s Centers for Disease Control, the number of conventional and charter public schools nationwide contracting with food service management companies alone has leapt from 15.2 percent in 2000 to 20.4 percent in 2006. That is a staggering 34 percent rate increase.
The growing use of private vendors in public schools and the 2007 Mackinac Center privatization "how-to" manual, "A School Privatization Primer for Michigan School Officials, Media and Residents," may have spooked opponents of school contracting. No less than three papers — all of which reference Mackinac Center work — have been released this year alone.
The first and arguably most enjoyable paper of the three was written by New York-based scholar Clive Belfield and published by the Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice in Lansing. The seven-page report by Belfield is a somewhat flattering quasi-rebuttal to the Mackinac Center’s 107-page privatization primer. It concludes in part by saying: "This report is useful. It presents credible surveys of current policies across states showing that contracting out of food, transportation, and custodial services is widespread, although public provision is still more common."
This is not the entirety of his conclusion. He also argues, among other items, that the Center failed to examine such things as "transaction costs" in its analysis. This and other arguments made by Belfield are addressed in my rejoinder to his paper, "Privatization Review a Mixed Bag," which can be found online at www.mackinac.org/9353.
The other studies released this year are also easily refuted, but detailed analysis of each goes beyond the scope of this essay. One consistent suggestion made in each paper, however, is that support service privatization may not yield savings. That’s true enough. Virtually every human endeavor presents the possibility that results will fall short of expectations. The question before us, however, is, "Are savings from effectively implementing privatization probable?" I believe the answer is a resounding yes.
Consider the increasing amount of anecdotal evidence in favor of savings. The Mackinac Center keeps a tally on per-pupil savings from privatization when the data is reported to us in various formats. We have recorded savings in all three categories from food service in Pinconning ($5.63 per pupil) to janitorial service in Harrison ($232 per pupil). Done right, contracting should save money every time.
Since our last survey, media reports from around the state
indicate that additional schools are using privatization to yield savings. This
year Southfield Public Schools outsourced for custodial (including maintenance)
and transportation services and are on the cusp of contracting for food
services, too. They expect to save $21 million over three years for all three
services. For more information on this and other anecdotal evidence, see
"Statewide School Contracting Could Save As Much As $500 Million" on the
Mackinac Center web site at
www.mackinac.org/9012.
The Mackinac Center recognizes that no single metric, methodology or source is perfect. But to argue that privatization may not save money because there are no peer-reviewed empirical studies that say so, or that savings may not really and consistently accrue to schools because of "transaction costs," defies logic. It suggests that scores of school district employees and elected officials from around the state and country are unwilling or incapable of making sound financial decisions, or that they somehow conspire to waste money. The Mackinac Center gives school boards more credit.
In the coming months readers will be able to find more detailed responses to published criticisms of support service privatization — as well as more survey research — involving rates of privatization and financial savings or losses where the data is available.
This is an edited version of a Viewpoint that was first published on June 9, 2008.
Michael D. LaFaive is director of the Mackinac Center’s Morey Fiscal Policy Initiative.
