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On Election Day, voters in every county decisively rejected Proposal 5, part of which would have transferred a portion of future school employee pension funding from local school districts to the state general fund.
But a problem the proposal sought to address still remains: Underfunded school employee pensions. Future responsibility for the unfunded promises of the Michigan Public School Employee Retirement System (MPSERS) will continue to burden school districts, and substantive pension reform is the only way to ensure school employees’ and taxpayers’ security.
MPSERS is a defined-benefit program, meaning the system promises members health insurance coverage and a set monthly pension payment upon their retirement. It is easy to get distracted by all the technical public finance and accounting language like present value, expected rates of return and life expectancies. But the concept is simple. If the fund’s assets do not equal what it promises to pay, it is "underfunded" or, more accurately, over-promised.
According to the latest MPSERS financial report, the program is 79.3 percent funded. That means that the pension fund’s assets are only 79.3 percent of what actuaries have projected it will need to pay out to retired members, which amounts to a shortfall of about $10 billion.
This fact would not be so onerous, if the ratio of assets to liabilities had been holding steady or increasing. But that isn’t the case. Just six years ago, MPSERS was 99.3 percent funded. The slip is due to a variety of factors, including a stock market slump, increasing numbers of retirees and too few new participants replacing the retired ones.
Strangely, reform of MPSERS has been avoided by state legislators, even though increasing burdens are weighing on school boards and administrators. Consider the schools’ perspective: This year, contributions to the pension system will likely cost school districts approximately $1,040 per student, according to a recent estimate from Michigan’s Senate Fiscal Agency. Moreover, MPSERS payments last year were estimated to have eaten up more than half of the increase in per-student state funding. The Senate Fiscal Agency projects that this year, MPSERS costs will consume almost 13 percent of districts’ tax-funded income. To deal with these rising costs, more than a third of Michigan school districts are laudably pursuing better management strategies by competitively contracting non-instructional services. Others are seeking reasonably priced, quality health insurance benefits. But a sound solution for the over-promised system would offer even more relief to districts.
One "solution" to the growing burden is to raise taxes when the bills come due. This would mean that, in addition to investing for their own retirement, the majority of Michigan taxpayers would be on the hook for the unfunded liabilities. Another fix is to put the burden on the backs of the public employees: raise the retirement age, close the system to new hires or hike the contribution rate. Neither is desirable.
A better solution would be to look to the private sector. Private sector employers are realizing defined-benefit systems like MPSERS do not serve today’s aging and mobile workforce. Instead, many employers are transitioning to defined-contribution plans such as 401(k)s. A defined contribution plan could help to eliminate the program’s unfunded promises and protect taxpayers from the program’s debt.
Such a program can be designed in a way that protects inexperienced investors, keeps administrative costs low and allows participants to build the largest possible retirement nest egg while reducing risk as retirement age approaches. State officials could look to the federal Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), the 401(k) plan for millions of federal employees, as an example.
This trend toward defined-contribution plans isn’t new, even among public employees in Michigan. Nearly a decade ago, Michigan lawmakers closed the Michigan State Employee Retirement System and instituted a defined-contribution plan for new state employees.
Michigan citizens and school employees should keep a close eye on the unfunded promises of MPSERS. While MPSERS’ unfunded liabilities may not seem a pressing problem today, they will add increasing strain on the state budget, shoving aside spending on schools’ primary instructional mission and legitimate state government functions. Now that the ominous "solutions" of Proposal 5 are behind us, Michigan citizens should demand that their state legislators take responsibility for reforming the school employee pension system for the good of the employees and of Michigan citizens.
Ryan S. Olson is director of education policy for the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, an independent, nonprofit research and educational institute headquartered in Midland, Mich., and Matt Moore is a senior policy analyst with the National Center for Policy Analysis in Dallas.
