1. “Texas Enterprise Fund: 2019 Legislative Report” (Office of the Texas Governor, Economic Development and Tourism Division, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/49A6-AQ45.
2. Ibid., 6.
3. Ibid., 4.
4. Authors’ calculations based on Business Employment Dynamics data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
5. Authors’ calculations based on data from “Michigan Business Development Program Projects” (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, 2019), https://perma.cc/2M77-9WTM.
6. Authors’ calculations based on Business Employment Dynamics data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
7. William Freeland, Ben Wilterdink and Jonathan Williams, “The Unseen Costs of Tax Cronyism: Favoritism and Foregone Growth” (American Legislative Exchange Council, July 2014), https://perma.cc/J3GY-MZ8B.
8. For more discussion about these negative effects, see: Christopher J. Coyne and Lotta Moberg, “Working Paper: The Political Economy of State-Provided Targeted Benefits” (Mercatus Center at George Mason University, May 2014), https://perma.cc/AX22-CKRC.
9. Oxford Living Dictionaries (Oxford University Press, 2019), https://perma.cc/UED9-QBWH.
10. Louise Story, Tiff Fehr and Derek Watkins, “United States of Subsidies,” The New York Times, 2016, https://perma.cc/RF9S-CPL5.
11. Louise Story, “Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 2012, https://perma.cc/SV84-UC64.
12. Author’s calculation based on data from “Accountable USA” (Good Jobs First, 2019), https://perma.cc/8ERQ-HD5Q. Facts noted are a result of tabulating state data accessible at this resource.
13. Ben Wiesfuse, “Sealing the Deal,” Site Selection, May 2012, https://perma.cc/TZ5V-RLGD.
14. For more information, see: “Arizona Biomedical Research Centre” (Arizona Department of Health Services, 2019), https://perma.cc/CER9-S96P.
15. Me. Stat. tit. 5, § 13103; “Research on Cancer and Tobacco-Related Diseases” (Florida Health), https://perma.cc/7DTF-AF3M.
16. “TSET: Creating a State of Health in Oklahoma” (State of Oklahoma, 2019), https://perma.cc/5MWS-MA34.
17. “About Us” (Cancer Preventation & Research Institute of Texas, 2019), https://perma.cc/SV4T-9X5K.
18. “21st Century Jobs Trust Fund Program: Year-End Report to the Legislature” (Michigan Strategic Fund, April 1, 2013), https://perma.cc/GQQ2-7PWK.
19. Dennis Teti, “An Idea Whose Time Never Came,” The Weekly Standard, Jan. 15, 2016, https://perma.cc/45NB-U79C.
20. Byron Schlomach, “Tax Increment Finance and Suggestions for Reform” (1889 Institute, Aug. 2016), https://perma.cc/ 2WAM-22PC.
21. “Tax Abatement Agreements to Date” (City of Fort Worth, Texas, Jan. 4, 2017), https://perma.cc/8LXA-YEPZ.
22. See Turken v Gordon, 223 Ariz. 342 (2010).
23. “Business & Industry Loan Guarantees” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2019), https://perma.cc/UNC6-6UGY.
24. “State Programs Funded by SSBCI” (U.S. Department of Treasury, April 2012), https://perma.cc/JTY2-8YXW.
25. For more information, see: “Loans” (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2019), https://perma.cc/D3HW-2VME.
26. “Financial Audit Report of the Michigan Strategic Fund” (Michigan Office of the Auditor General, Dec. 28, 2017), https://perma.cc/EDP5-ZWJY.
27. F.A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” The American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (1945): 519–530, https://perma.cc/ E7N7-F3LH.
28. Robert Michaels, “Wind Energy in Oklahoma: A Costly Solution in Search of a Problem Primary Author” (1889 Institute, April 2017), https://perma.cc/A84G-8XDF.
29. Nathan M. Jensen, “Evaluating Firm-Specific Location Incentives: An Application to the Kansas PEAK Program” (Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, 2014), https://perma.cc/M2LN-WV2Q.
30. Alan Peters and Peter Fisher, “The Failures of Economic Development Incentives,” Journal of the American Planning Association 70, no. 1 (2004): 32.
31. Ibid., p. 35-36.
32. Daniel Scarpinato, “Eloy Closer to Getting Rock ‘n’ Roll Theme Park,” Arizona Daily Star, Feb. 21, 2008, https://perma.cc/47P6-NB3N.
33. Mark Flatten, “Economic Dysfunction: Cities Make Risky Bets to Lure Private Universities” (The Goldwater Institute), https://perma.cc/5H9F-JD88.
34. Shirley Svorny, “Economic Development in Pima County: Alternatives to the World View Enterprises Subsidy” (The Goldwater Institute), https://perma.cc/8BLF-NAAA.
35. Robert Castellano, “The U.S. Solar Industry Has Been Dead For Years, So Why The Tariffs?” (Seeking Alpha, Jan. 25, 2018), https://perma.cc/U5HZ-XRRC.
36. For more information, see: Michael S. Greve, “Laboratories of Democracy: Anatomy of a Metaphor” (American Enterprise Institute, May 2001), https://perma.cc/86A5-TT46.
37. For instance, see: William P. Ruger and Jason Sorens, “Freedom in the 50 States: An Index of Personal and Economic Freedom” (Cato Institute, 2018), https://perma.cc/PEK4-W8RD.
38. “Best States for Business,” Forbes, https://perma.cc/9QGV-WAA6.
39. J.P. Donlon, “2014 Best & Worst States for Business: Texas Rides High Again,” Chief Executive, May 1, 2015, https://perma.cc/SL9V-6ECT.
40. S. Mohsin Reza, “DaimlerChrysler v. Cuno: An Escape from the Dormant Commerce Clause Quarmire,” University of Richmond Law Review 40 (2006): 1229–1261.
41. Cuyler v Adams, 449 U.S. 433, 441 (1981); Wharton v Wise, 153 U.S. 155 (1894); Virginia v Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503, 521 (1893); Green v Biddle, 21 U.S. 1, 39-40 (1823).
42. Cuyler, 449 U.S. at 440; U.S. Steel Corp v Multistate Tax Comm’n, 434 U.S. 452, 459 (1978). The latter decision stated that congressional consent is required only for an interstate compact that would enhance state power relative to the power of the federal government. (Special thanks to Nick Dranias for providing the legal analysis in this paragraph.)
Note: The authors wish to thank Philip LaMaster for his research assistance on this study.