On Nov. 15, 2007, the governors of nine Midwestern states —
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, South Dakota and
Wisconsin — signed the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord. The agreement states,
"the effects of climate change present growing economic, social and
environmental risks…. We know enough to act on climate change, and there is
sufficient scientific certainty that we must begin to take action now…." In
order to achieve greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, the accord relies
primarily on a cap-and-trade mechanism.
Under a cap-and-trade policy, companies or utilities that have
air emissions below the legal limits are able to sell credits to emitters that
have not complied with the more stringent emission standards. Participants in
the accord, for example, agree to reduce the current amount of carbon dioxide
emissions in the region by an established, albeit arbitrary, amount. Michigan
would be required to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by a portion of that
allotment.
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Michigan’s future energy policy is far too important to leave to the behind-closed-doors manipulation of government officials. | |
Proponents of cap-and-trade systems for limiting air emissions
tout them as market-based and flexible. The trading of emission allowances does
allow some flexibility for companies as they make investment decisions. However,
proponents seldom talk about the cap. A cap on carbon dioxide emissions is a de
facto energy cap.
Supporters of cap-and-trade claim that requiring the reduction
of CO2 emissions does not mean that energy use must be limited, but rather that
it can be replaced by less carbon-intensive alternative energies. Although
solar- and wind-generated electricity can play a supporting role in supplying
Michigan’s electricity needs, neither are 100 percent reliable since the sun
doesn’t always shine and the wind doesn’t always blow. Nuclear energy is the
only commercially feasible non-CO2-emitting alternative to coal-fired power
plants. If a commitment to build new nuclear power plants in Michigan were made
today, it would take a decade or more to actually license and construct the
plants.
Administering a cap-and-trade policy would also necessitate
increased costs to taxpayers. If initiated, a set of complicated rules would
need to be established to inventory, monitor and enforce carbon dioxide
allotments from various energy users. An agency would then be assigned or
created to ensure that no one cheats the system. The transaction costs to
operate a regional CO2 cap-and-trade system are very likely to be high as there
is a strong likelihood that some emitters will seek special treatment,
exemptions or loopholes.
Additionally, you do not need to be an economist to recognize
that when supply does not meet demand, prices will increase and create a greater
risk of shortages. The U.S. Congress is considering legislation (the
Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act) that would establish a national
cap–and-trade system for greenhouse gases similar to the approach stipulated in
the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord.
The American Council for Capital Formation and the National
Association of Manufacturers recently completed a study that employs the
National Energy Modeling System to estimate costs to the U.S. economy if the
Lieberman-Warner bill is enacted. Breaking out costs by state, the study
concludes that the low-cost projection assumes that 300 new nuclear power plants
would be built in the United States by 2030 and the high-cost projection assumes
100 new nuclear power plants will be built — both optimistic assumptions.
According to the study, Michigan can expect by 2030 to lose 91,000 jobs under
the low-cost projection and 122,000 jobs under the high-cost projection. During
the same time period, the average income of Michigan households would decrease
$3,867 under the low-cost projection and $7,051 under the high-cost projection.
The study also says a greenhouse gas cap would greatly increase
energy costs in Michigan: Gasoline prices would rise between $2.17 and $5.15 a
gallon; residential electric costs would increase between 6.61 and 10.33 cents
per kilowatt-hour and natural gas prices would rise by similar levels.
Michigan’s future energy policy is far too important to leave to
the behind-closed-doors manipulation of government officials. A cap-and-trade
system to reduce greenhouse gases could be devastating to Michigan’s economy and
have no discernible impact on global climate change. The Michigan Legislature
needs to intervene to ensure that transparency and the interests of Michigan
residents are paramount in the further workings of the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord states.
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Russ Harding is director of the Property Rights Network for the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a research and educational institute
headquartered in Midland, Mich. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided that the authors and the Center are properly cited.
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